QUANTUM
COMPUTING
A Quantum Computer (also known as a Quantum Supercomputer) is a computation device that makes direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from
digital computers based on transistors.
Whereas digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is
always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses qubits (quantum bits), which can be in
superpositions of states. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the
universal quantum computer. Quantum computers share theoretical similarities
with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers; one example is
the ability to be in more than one state simultaneously. The field of quantum
computing was first introduced by Yuri Manin in 1980 and Richard
Feynman in 1982. A quantum computer with spins as
quantum bits was also formulated for use as a quantum space–time in 1969.
As of 2014 quantum computing is still in its
infancy but experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational
operations were executed on a very small number of qubits. Both practical and theoretical
research continues, and many national governments and military funding agencies
support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and national
security purposes, such as cryptanalysis.
Large-scale
quantum computers will be able to solve certain problems much more quickly than
any classical computer using the best currently known algorithms, like integer factorization using Shor's
algorithm or the simulation of quantum many-body systems.
There existquantum algorithms, such as Simon's algorithm, which run faster than
any possible probabilistic classical algorithm. Given sufficient computational
resources, however, a classical computer could be made to simulate any quantum
algorithm; quantum computation does not violate the Church–Turing thesis.
QUANTUM ENTAGLEMENT
Quantum entanglement is a physical
phenomenon that occurs when pairs or groups of particles are generated or interact in ways such
that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described
independently – instead, a quantum state may be given for the system as a whole.
Measurements of
physical properties such as position, momentum, spin, polarization, etc. performed on entangled
particles are found to be appropriately correlated.
For example, if a pair of particles is generated in such a way that their total
spin is known to be zero, and one particle is found to have clockwise spin on a
certain axis, then the spin of the other particle, measured on the same axis,
will be found to be counterclockwise. Because of the nature of quantum
measurement, however, this behavior gives rise to effects that can appear paradoxical: any
measurement of a property of a particle can be seen as acting on that particle
(e.g. by collapsing a number of superimposed states); and in the case of entangled
particles, such action must be on the entangled system as a whole. It thus
appears that one particle of an entangled pair "knows" what
measurement has been performed on the other, and with what outcome, even though
there is no known means for such information to be communicated between the
particles, which at the time of measurement may be separated by arbitrarily
large distances.
PENGOPRASIAN DATA QUBIT
Qubit or quantum bit is the basic unit of information in quantum
computers. In a quantum computer, a number of elemental particles such as
electrons or photons can be used (in practice, the success has also been
achieved by the ion), either at their expense or polarization acts as a
representation of 0 and / or 1. Each of these particles are known as qubits,
the nature and behavior of these particles (as expressed in quantum theory)
forms the basis of quantum computing. Two of the most relevant aspects of
quantum physics is the principle of superposition and entanglement.
QUANTUM GATES
In quantum computers and quantum
circuit model of computation in particular, a quantum logic gates or quantum gates are the basic operations
of quantum circuits on a small number qubit.Mereka are the building blocks of
quantum circuits, such as logic gates for circuits digital convensional
classic.
ALGORITMA SHOR
Shor's algorithm is a further example of the basic paradigm (how
much computational time required to find a factor of n-bit integers?), But this
algorithm seems isolated from most of the other findings of quantum information
science. At first glance, it is just as ingenious programming tricks with
little fundamental significance. Appearances are deceptive; researchers have
shown that Shor's algorithm can be interpreted as an example of a procedure to
assign the energy levels of quantum systems, a process that is fundamental. As
time goes on and we charge more on the map, should be so easy to understand the
principles underlying Shor's algorithm and other quantum algorithms and, we
hope, develop new algorithms.
